We are into new concepts and tools
2023
Wang T, Coshic K, Badiee M, Aksimentiev A, Pollack L, Leung AKL. Length-dependent Intramolecular Coil-to-Globule Transition in Poly(ADP-ribose) Induced by Cations. bioRxiv 2023.10.25.564012 posted October 25, 2023. [Abstract/PDF]
Sun Y, Jenkins LM, El Touny LH, Jo U, Yang X, Maity TK, Saha LK, Uribe I, Saha S, Takeda S, Leung AKL, Cheng K, Pommier Y. Flap endonuclease 1 repairs DNA-protein crosslinks via ADP-ribosylation. bioRxiv 2023.10.19.563118 posted October 19, 2023. [Abstract/PDF]
Jayabalan AK, Bhambhani K, Leung AKL. PARP10 is Critical for Stress Granule Initiation. bioRxiv 2023.10.13.562236 posted October 13, 2023. [Abstract/PDF]
Badiee M, Kenet AL, Ganser LR, Paul T, Myong S, Leung AKL. Switch-like compaction of poly(ADP-ribose) upon cation binding. 2023 May 1; 120: e2215068120. [Abstract/PDF]
Dasovich M, Leung AK. PARPs and ADP-ribosylation: Deciphering the complexity with molecular tools. Molecular Cell. 2023 Apr 24. [Abstract/PDF]
Jayabalan AK, Griffin DE, Leung AK. Pro-Viral and Anti-Viral Roles of the RNA-Binding Protein G3BP1. Viruses. 2023 Feb 6;15(2):449. [Abstract/PDF]
Badiee M, Boutonnet A, Phan D, Leung AKL. Fluorescence-Based Analyses of Poly(ADP-Ribose) Length by Gel Electrophoresis, High-Performance Liquid Chromatography, and Capillary Electrophoresis. Poly(ADP-Ribose) Polymerase: Methods and Protocols. New York, NY: Springer US; 2023. p. 3–21. [Abstract/PDF]
2022
Busa VF, Ando Y, Aigner S, Yee BA, Yeo GW, Leung AKL. Transcriptome Regulation by PARP13 in Basal and Antiviral States in Human Cells. bioRxiv 2022.12.19.520435 posted December 19, 2022. [Abstract/PDF]
Lee JH, Hussain M, Kim EW, Cheng SJ, Leung AKL, Fakouri NB, Croteau DL, Bohr VA. Mitochondrial PARP1 regulates NAD+-dependent poly ADP-ribosylation of mitochondrial nucleoids. Exp Mol Med. 2022 Dec 6. doi: 10.1038/s12276-022-00894-x. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 36473936. [Abstract/PDF]
Maiuri T, Bazan CB, Harding RJ, Begeja N, Kam TI, Byrne LM, Rodrigues FB, Warner MM, Neuman K, Mansoor M, Badiee M, Dasovich M, Leung AKL, Andres SN, Wild EJ, Dawson TM, Dawson VL, Arrowsmith CH, Truant R. Poly ADP-Ribose Signaling is Dysregulated in Huntington Disease Patients. bioRxiv 2022.11.23.517669 posted November 24, 2022. [Abstract/PDF]
Kuttiyatveetil JRA, Soufari H, Dasovich M, Uribe IR, Mirhasan M, Cheng SJ, Leung AKL, Pascal JM. Crystal structures and functional analysis of the ZnF5-WWE1-WWE2 region of PARP13/ZAP define a distinctive mode of engaging poly(ADP-ribose). bioRxiv 2021 Dec 15; Cell Reports, 41(4), 111529. 2022 Oct 25. [Abstract/PDF]
Gao J, Mewborne QT, Girdhar A, Sheth U, Coyne AN, Punathil R, Kang BG, Dasovich M, Veire A, DeJesus Hernandez M, Liu S, Shi Z, Dafinca R, Fouquerel E, Talbot K, Kam TI, Zhang YJ, Dickson D, Petrucelli L, van Blitterswijk M, Guo L, Dawson TM, Dawson VL, Leung AKL, Lloyd TE, Gendron TF, Rothstein JD, Zhang K. Poly(ADP-ribose) promotes toxicity of C9ORF72 arginine-rich dipeptide repeat proteins. Sci Transl Med. 2022 Sep 14;14(662):eabq3215. doi: 10.1126/scitranslmed.abq3215. Epub 2022 Sep 14. PMID: 36103513. [Abstract/PDF]
LeRoux M, Srikant S, Teodoro GIC, Zhang T, Littlehale ML, Doron S, Badiee M, Leung AKL, Sorek R, Laub MT. The DarTG toxin-antitoxin system provides phage defence by ADP-ribosylating viral DNA. bioRxiv 2021 Sep 27; Nat Microbiol. 2022 Jun 20. [Abstract/PDF]
Sherrill LM, Joya EE, Walker A, Roy A, Alhammad YM, Atobatele M, Wazir S, Abbas G, Keane P, Zhuo J, Leung AKL, Johnson DK, Lehtiö L, Fehr AR, Ferraris D. Design, synthesis and evaluation of inhibitors of the SARS-CoV-2 nsp3 macrodomain. Bioorg Med Chem. 2022 Aug 1;67:116788. [Abstract/PDF]
Roy A, Alhammad YM, McDonald P, Johnson DK, Zhuo J, Wazir S, Ferraris D, Lehtiö L, Leung AKL, Fehr AR. Discovery of compounds that inhibit SARS-CoV-2 Mac1-ADP-ribose binding by high-throughput screening. Antiviral Res. 2022 Jul;203:105344. [Abstract/PDF]
PAR is a potent trigger for condensing FUS—a key protein for neurodegenerative diseases ALS/FTLD.
Rhine K, Dasovich M, Yoniles J, Badiee M, Skanchy S, Ganser L, Ge Y, Fare CM, Shorter J, Leung AKL*, Myong S*. Poly(ADP-ribose) Drive Condensation of FUS via a Transient Interaction. (*co-corresponding) SSRN July 2021; Mol Cell 82: 1-17. [Abstract/PDF]
Leung AKL, Griffin DE, Bosch J, Fehr AR. The Conserved Macrodomain Is a Potential Therapeutic Target for Coronaviruses and Alphaviruses. Pathogens. 2022 Jan 14;11(1):94. [Abstract/PDF]
Chen Q, Ma K, Liu X, Chen SH, Li P, Yu Y, Leung AKL, Yu X. Truncated PARP1 mediates ADP-ribosylation of RNA polymerase III for apoptosis. Cell Discov. 2022 Jan 18;8(1):3. [Abstract/PDF]
2021
Develop the first high-throughput assay to identify macrodomain ADP-ribosylhydrolase inhibitor (ACS Editors’ Choice)
Dasovich M, Zhuo J, Goodman JA, Thomas A, McPherson RL, Jayabalan AK, Busa VF, Cheng SJ, Murphy BA, Redinger KR, Alhammad YMO, Fehr AR, Tsukamoto T, Slusher BS, Bosch J, Wei H, Leung AKL. High-Throughput Activity Assay for Screening Inhibitors of the SARS-CoV-2 Mac1 Macrodomain. bioRxiv 2021 Oct 11; ACS Chem Biol. 2021 Dec 14. [Abstract/PDF]
Busa VF, Favorov AV, Fertig E, Leung AKL (2021). Spatial Correlation Statistics Enable Transcriptome-Wide Characterization of RNA Structure Binding. SSRN 2020 Dec 17; Cell Reports Methods 1, 10088. [Abstract/PDF]
Lüscher B, Ahel I, Altmeyer M, Ashworth A, Bai P, Chang P, Cohen M, Corda D, Dantzer F, Daugherty MD, Dawson TM, Dawson VL, Deindl S, Fehr AR, Feijs KLH, Filippov DV, Gagné JP, Grimaldi G, Guettler S, Hoch NC, Hottiger MO, Korn P, Kraus WL, Ladurner A, Lehtiö L, Leung AKL, Lord CJ, Mangerich A, Matic I, Matthews J, Moldovan GL, Moss J, Natoli G, Nielsen ML, Niepel M, Nolte F, Pascal J, Paschal BM, Pawłowski K, Poirier GG, Smith S, Timinszky G, Wang ZQ, Yélamos J, Yu X, Zaja R, Ziegler M. ADP-ribosyltransferases, an update on function and nomenclature. FEBS J. 2021 Jul 29. [Abstract/PDF]
Busa VF, Leung AKL. Thrown for a (stem) loop: How RNA structure impacts circular RNA regulation and function. Methods. 2021 Mar 2:S1046-2023(21)00064-5. [Abstract/PDF]
Chemical probe PARProLink to conduct the first census of poly(ADP-ribose)-binding proteome
Dasovich M, Beckett MQ, Bailey S, Ong SE, Greenberg MM, Leung AKL. Identifying Poly(ADP-ribose)-Binding Proteins with Photoaffinity-Based Proteomics. bioRxiv 2020 Dec 28; J Am Chem Soc. 2021 Mar 3;143(8):3037-3042. [Abstract/PDF]
Virus disrupts stress granules by removing ADP-ribosylation
Jayabalan AK, Adivarahan S, Koppula A, Abraham R, Batish M, Zenklusen D, Griffin DE, Leung AKL. Stress granule formation, disassembly, and composition are regulated by alphavirus ADP-ribosylhydrolase activity. bioRxiv 2019 Jun 20; Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2021 Feb 9;118(6):e2021719118. [Abstract/PDF]
Hammond RG, Schormann N, McPherson RL, Leung AKL, Deivanayagam CCS, Johnson MA. ADP-ribose and analogues bound to the deMARylating macrodomain from the bat coronavirus HKU4. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2021 Jan 12;118(2):e2004500118. [Abstract/PDF]
Ayyappan V, Wat R, Barber C, Vivelo CA, Gauch K, Visanpattanasin P, Cook G, Sazeides C, Leung AKL. ADPriboDB 2.0: an updated database of ADP-ribosylated proteins. bioRxiv 2020 Sep 25; Nucleic Acids Res. 2021 Jan 8;49(D1):D261-D265. [Abstract/PDF]
2020
PAR code hypothesis proposed
Leung AKL. Poly(ADP-ribose): A Dynamic Trigger for Biomolecular Condensate Formation. Trends Cell Biol. 2020 May;30(5):370-383. [Abstract/PDF]
Abraham R, McPherson RL, Dasovich M, Badiee M, Leung AKL*, Griffin DE*. Both ADP-Ribosyl-Binding and Hydrolase Activities of the Alphavirus nsP3 Macrodomain Affect Neurovirulence in Mice. mBio. 2020 Feb 11;11(1):e03253-19. (*co-corresponding) [Abstract/PDF]
Discovery of an RNA decay pathway that detects base-pairing density
Fischer JW, Busa VF, Shao Y, Leung AKL. Structure-Mediated RNA Decay by UPF1 and G3BP1. Mol Cell. 2020 Apr 2;78(1):70-84.e6. [Abstract/PDF]
McPherson RL, Ong SE, Leung AKL. Ion-Pairing with Triethylammonium Acetate Improves Solid-Phase Extraction of ADP-Ribosylated Peptides. J Proteome Res. 2020 Feb 7;19(2):984-990. [Abstract/PDF]
2019
Dasovich M, Leung AKL. A Nucleolar PARtnership Expands PARP Roles in RNA Biology and the Clinical Potential of PARP Inhibitors. Mol Cell. 2019 Sep 19;75(6):1089-1091. [Abstract/PDF]
Park Y, Chui MH, Suryo Rahmanto Y, Yu ZC, Shamanna RA, Bellani MA, Gaillard S, Ayhan A, Viswanathan A, Seidman MM, Franco S, Leung AKL, Bohr VA, Shih IM, Wang TL. Loss of ARID1A in Tumor Cells Renders Selective Vulnerability to Combined Ionizing Radiation and PARP Inhibitor Therapy. Clin Cancer Res. 2019 Sep 15;25(18):5584-5594. [Abstract/PDF]
Vivelo CA, Ayyappan V, Leung AKL. Poly(ADP-ribose)-dependent ubiquitination and its clinical implications. Biochem Pharmacol. 2019 Sep;167:3-12. [Abstract/PDF]
Kalesh K, Lukauskas S, Borg AJ, Snijders AP, Ayyappan V, Leung AKL, Haskard DO, DiMaggio PA. An Integrated Chemical Proteomics Approach for Quantitative Profiling of Intracellular ADP-Ribosylation. bioRxiv 2019 Mar 05; Sci Rep. 2019 Apr 30;9(1):6655. [Abstract/PDF]
Thirawatananond P, McPherson RL, Malhi J, Nathan S, Lambrecht MJ, Brichacek M, Hergenrother PJ, Leung AKL*, Gabelli SB*. Structural analyses of NudT16-ADP- ribose complexes direct rational design of mutants with improved processing of poly(ADP-ribosyl)ated proteins. Sci Rep. 2019 Apr 11;9(1):5940. (*co-corresponding) [Abstract/PDF]
First enzymatic tool ETLA to label protein-conjugated and free ADP-ribose
Ando Y, Elkayam E, McPherson RL, Dasovich M, Cheng SJ, Voorneveld J, Filippov DV, Ong SE, Joshua-Tor L, Leung AKL. ELTA: Enzymatic Labeling of Terminal ADP-Ribose. Mol Cell. 2019 Feb 21;73(4):845-856.e5. [Abstract/PDF]
2018
Abraham R, Hauer D, McPherson RL, Utt A, Kirby IT, Cohen MS, Merits A, Leung AKL, Griffin DE. ADP-ribosyl-binding and hydrolase activities of the alphavirus nsP3 macrodomain are critical for initiation of virus replication. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2018 Oct 30;115(44):E10457-E10466. [Abstract/PDF]
Leung AKL, McPherson RL, Griffin DE. Macrodomain ADP-ribosylhydrolase and the pathogenesis of infectious diseases. PLoS Pathog. 2018 Mar 22;14(3):e1006864. [Abstract/PDF]
Zhang T, Wu YC, Mullane P, Ji YJ, Liu H, He L, Arora A, Hwang HY, Alessi AF, Niaki AG, Periz G, Guo L, Wang H, Elkayam E, Joshua-Tor L, Myong S, Kim JK, Shorter J, Ong SE, Leung AKL, Wang J. FUS Regulates Activity of MicroRNA- Mediated Gene Silencing. Mol Cell. 2018 Mar 1;69(5):787-801.e8. [Abstract/PDF]
Abraham R, McPherson RL, Sreekumar E, Leung AKL, Griffin DE. Preparation of Recombinant Alphaviruses for Functional Studies of ADP-Ribosylation. Methods Mol Biol. 2018;1813:297-316. [Abstract/PDF]
McPherson RL, Ong SE, Leung AKL. Quantitative Determination of MAR Hydrolase Residue Specificity In Vitro by Tandem Mass Spectrometry. Methods Mol Biol. 2018;1813:271-283. [Abstract/PDF]
2017
Leung AKL. PARPs. Curr Biol. 2017 Dec 4;27(23):R1256-R1258. [Abstract/PDF]
Leung AK. SERious Surprises for ADP-Ribosylation Specificity: HPF1 Switches PARP1 Specificity to Ser Residues. Mol Cell. 2017 Mar 2;65(5):777-778. [Abstract/PDF]
Das S, Kohr M, Dunkerly-Eyring B, Lee DI, Bedja D, Kent OA, Leung AK, Henao- Mejia J, Flavell RA, Steenbergen C. Divergent Effects of miR-181 Family Members on Myocardial Function Through Protective Cytosolic and Detrimental Mitochondrial microRNA Targets. J Am Heart Assoc. 2017 Feb 27;6(3):e004694. [Abstract/PDF]
Viral enzyme to remove ADP-ribosylation is critical for viral replication and virulence
McPherson RL, Abraham R, Sreekumar E, Ong SE, Cheng SJ, Baxter VK, Kistemaker HA, Filippov DV, Griffin DE, Leung AK. ADP-ribosylhydrolase activity of Chikungunya virus macrodomain is critical for virus replication and virulence. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2017 Feb 14;114(7):1666-1671. [Abstract/PDF]
Fischer JW, Leung AK. CircRNAs: a regulator of cellular stress. Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol. 2017 Apr;52(2):220-233. [Abstract/PDF]
Daniels CM, Ong SE, Leung AKL. ADP-Ribosylated Peptide Enrichment and Site Identification: The Phosphodiesterase-Based Method. Methods Mol Biol. 2017;1608:79-93. [Abstract/PDF]
2016
Established the first database of ADP-ribosylation
Vivelo CA, Wat R, Agrawal C, Tee HY, Leung AK. ADPriboDB: The database of ADP-ribosylated proteins. bioRxiv 2016 Jul 13; Nucleic Acids Res. 2016 Jan 4;45(D1):D204-D209. [Abstract/PDF]
Palazzo L, Daniels CM, Nettleship JE, Rahman N, McPherson RL, Ong SE, Kato K, Nureki O, Leung AK*, Ahel I*. ENPP1 processes protein ADP-ribosylation in vitro. FEBS J. 2016 Sep;283(18):3371-88. (*co-corresponding) [Abstract/PDF]
Hwang T, Park CK, Leung AK, Gao Y, Hyde TM, Kleinman JE, Rajpurohit A, Tao R, Shin JH, Weinberger DR. Dynamic regulation of RNA editing in human brain development and disease. Nat Neurosci. 2016 Aug;19(8):1093-9. [Abstract/PDF]
McPherson RL, Leung AKL. ADPr-ChAP: Mapping ADP-Ribosylation onto the Genome. Mol Cell. 2016 Feb 4;61(3):327-328. [Abstract/PDF]
Fan AC, Leung AK. RNA Granules and Diseases: A Case Study of Stress Granules in ALS and FTLD. Adv Exp Med Biol. 2016;907:263-96. [Abstract/PDF]
2015
Daniels CM, Thirawatananond P, Ong SE, Gabelli SB, Leung AK. Nudix hydrolases degrade protein-conjugated ADP-ribose. Sci Rep. 2015 Dec 16;5:18271. [Abstract/PDF]
Leung AKL. The Whereabouts of microRNA Actions: Cytoplasm and Beyond. Trends Cell Biol. 2015 Oct;25(10):601-610. [Abstract/PDF]
Perspectives on the future of ADP-ribosylation Proteomics
Daniels CM, Ong SE, Leung AK. The Promise of Proteomics for the Study of ADP-Ribosylation. Mol Cell. 2015 Jun 18;58(6):911-24. [Abstract/PDF]
Ando Y, Leung AK. Methods for studying microRNA functions during stress. Methods Mol Biol. 2015;1292:115-28. [Abstract/PDF]
Vivelo CA, Leung AK. Proteomics approaches to identify mono-(ADP- ribosyl)ated and poly(ADP-ribosyl)ated proteins. Proteomics. 2015 Jan;15(2-3):203-17. [Abstract/PDF]
2014–2012
Developed one of the first proteomics approaches to identify ADP-ribosylated sites
Daniels CM, Ong SE, Leung AK. Phosphoproteomic approach to characterize protein mono- and poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation sites from cells. J Proteome Res. 2014 Aug 1;13(8):3510-22. [Abstract/PDF]
Perspectives on ADP-ribosylation in biomolecular condensate formation
Leung AK. Poly(ADP-ribose): an organizer of cellular architecture. J Cell Biol. 2014 Jun 9;205(5):613-9. [Abstract/PDF]
Ando Y, Leung AK. Does an emergency visit to the ER make microRNAs stronger during stress? Mol Cell. 2013 Oct 10;52(1):1-3. [Abstract/PDF]
Leung AK, Sharp PA. Quantifying Argonaute proteins in and out of GW/P-bodies: implications in microRNA activities. Adv Exp Med Biol. 2013;768:165-82. [Abstract/PDF]
Leung A, Todorova T, Ando Y, Chang P. Poly(ADP-ribose) regulates post- transcriptional gene regulation in the cytoplasm. RNA Biol. 2012 May;9(5):542-8. [Abstract/PDF]
Pre-Hopkins
Postdoctoral training with Nobel laureate Dr. Phillip A. Sharp (2004–2011) and Dr. Paul Chang (2010–2011)
Discovery of poly(ADP-ribose), its enzymes and substrates are enriched in stress granules
Leung AK, Vyas S, Rood JE, Bhutkar A, Sharp PA, Chang P. Poly(ADP-ribose) regulates stress responses and microRNA activity in the cytoplasm. Mol Cell. 2011 May 20;42(4):489-99. [Abstract/PDF]
Leung AK, Young AG, Bhutkar A, Zheng GX, Bosson AD, Nielsen CB, Sharp PA. Genome-wide identification of Ago2 binding sites from mouse embryonic stem cells with and without mature microRNAs. Nat Struct Mol Biol. 2011 Feb;18(2):237-44. [Abstract/PDF]
Leung AK, Sharp PA. MicroRNA functions in stress responses. Mol Cell. 2010 Oct 22;40(2):205-15. [Abstract/PDF]
Singh N, Agrawal A, Leung AK, Sharp PA, Bhatia SN. Effect of nanoparticle conjugation on gene silencing by RNA interference. J Am Chem Soc. 2010 Jun 23;132(24):8241-3. [Abstract/PDF]
Dafik L, Kalsani V, Leung AK, Kumar K. Fluorinated lipid constructs permit facile passage of molecular cargo into living cells. J Am Chem Soc. 2009 Sep 2;131(34):12091-3. [Abstract/PDF]
Leung AK, Sharp PA. microRNAs: a safeguard against turmoil? Cell. 2007 Aug 24;130(4):581-5. [Abstract/PDF]
Core microRNA binding Argonaute proteins localize to stress granules
Leung AK, Calabrese JM, Sharp PA. Quantitative analysis of Argonaute protein reveals microRNA-dependent localization to stress granules. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2006 Nov 28;103(48):18125-30. [Abstract/PDF]
Leung AK, Sharp PA. Function and localization of microRNAs in mammalian cells. Cold Spring Harb Symp Quant Biol. 2006;71:29-38. [Abstract/PDF]
PhD training with Dr. Angus I. Lamond at the University of Dundee, UK
Leung AK, Trinkle-Mulcahy L, Lam YW, Andersen JS, Mann M, Lamond AI. NOPdb: Nucleolar Proteome Database. Nucleic Acids Res. 2006 Jan 1;34(Database issue):D218-20. [Abstract/PDF]
Andersen JS, Lam YW, Leung AK, Ong SE, Lyon CE, Lamond AI, Mann M. Nucleolar proteome dynamics. Nature. 2005 Jan 6;433(7021):77-83. [Abstract/PDF]
Chen D, Dundr M, Wang C, Leung A, Lamond A, Misteli T, Huang S. Condensed mitotic chromatin is accessible to transcription factors and chromatin structural proteins. J Cell Biol. 2005 Jan 3;168(1):41-54. [Abstract/PDF]
Leung AK, Gerlich D, Miller G, Lyon C, Lam YW, Lleres D, Daigle N, Zomerdijk J, Ellenberg J, Lamond AI. Quantitative kinetic analysis of nucleolar breakdown and reassembly during mitosis in live human cells. J Cell Biol. 2004 Sep 13;166(6):787-800. [Abstract/PDF]
Leung AK, Andersen JS, Mann M, Lamond AI. Bioinformatic analysis of the nucleolus. Biochem J. 2003 Dec 15;376(Pt 3):553-69. [Abstract/PDF]
Leung AK, Lamond AI. The dynamics of the nucleolus. Crit Rev Eukaryot Gene Expr. 2003;13(1):39-54. [Abstract/PDF]
Leung AK, Lamond AI. In vivo analysis of NHPX reveals a novel nucleolar localization pathway involving a transient accumulation in splicing speckles. J Cell Biol. 2002 May 13;157(4):615-29. [Abstract/PDF]
Oeffinger M, Leung A, Lamond A, Tollervey D. Yeast Pescadillo is required for multiple activities during 60S ribosomal subunit synthesis. RNA. 2002 May;8(5):626-36. [Abstract/PDF]
Fox AH, Lam YW, Leung AK, Lyon CE, Andersen J, Mann M, Lamond AI. Paraspeckles: a novel nuclear domain. Curr Biol. 2002 Jan 8;12(1):13-25. [Abstract/PDF]
Andersen JS, Lyon CE, Fox AH, Leung AK, Lam YW, Steen H, Mann M, Lamond AI. Directed proteomic analysis of the human nucleolus. Curr Biol. 2002 Jan 8;12(1):1-11. [Abstract/PDF]
Undergraduate research with Dr. Kurt Drickamer at the University of Oxford, UK
Kolatkar AR, Leung AK, Isecke R, Brossmer R, Drickamer K, Weis WI. Mechanism of N-acetylgalactosamine binding to a C-type animal lectin carbohydrate- recognition domain. J Biol Chem. 1998 Jul 31;273(31):19502-8. [Abstract/PDF]